NEET UG Biology Syllabus 2024

 NEET (UG) BIOLOGY SYLLABUS 2024

UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World

• What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification;; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature;

• Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups: Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.

• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category);

• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).

 

 

UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose,   flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus) Family (malvaceae. Cruciferae. leguminoceae. compositae, graminae).

• Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (Frog). (Brief account only)

 

 

UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles- structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria,   ribosomes,   plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates. lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of anzymes

• B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

 

 

UNIT 4: Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis;   Photorespiration   C3   and   C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

• Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation,   dedifferentiation   and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators- auxin. gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene. ABA;

UNIT 5: Human Physiology

• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans: Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema. Occupational respiratory disorders.

• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output. ECG, Double circulation: Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory’ system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease. Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

• Excretory   products   and    their   elimination:   Modes   of   excretion-   Ammonotelism. ureotelism, uricotelism; Human    excretory                        system-structure and   fuction; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure. Renal calculi. Nephritis; Dialysis and   artificial kidney.

• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis. Tetany, Muscular dystrophy. Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves: Nervous system in humanscentral nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse;

• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal. Thyroid. Parathyroid. Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads: Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary’ Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease).(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)

UNIT 6: Reproduction

 

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo. Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst   formation,   implantation: Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of   sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods,   Contraception   and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - 1VF, Z1FT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

 

UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution

• Heredity and variation:   Mendelian   Inheritance;   Deviations   from   Mendelism- Incomplete dominance. Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and   Inheritance   of   blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-ln humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders   in   humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation: Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger   printing,   protein biosynthesis.

• Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from   Paleontology,   comparative   anatomy,   embryology   and   molecular   evidence); Darw in’s contribution. Modem Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution- Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy- Weinberg's principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare

 

• Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria. Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid. Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm, dengue, chikungunya); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse. Tobacco abuse

• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications

 

• Principles and process of Biotechnology Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

• Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy: Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals: Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.

 

UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and environmentpopulation interactions- mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism: Population attributes-growth. birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow': Pyramids of number, biomass, energy

• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity: Patterns of Biodiversity: Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity: Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction. Red Data Book, biosphere reserves. National parks and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.